Landfill Monitoring Dashboard

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.title[
# Landfill Monitoring Dashboard
]
.subtitle[
## by PoliShe
]
.author[
### Diana Mathai, Sohyun Park, Rahmadita Listianingrum, Yuet Yung Lung
]
.date[
### 2023/03/02 (updated: 2023-03-23)
]

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# Landfill Methane Emission

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# Problem Identification

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Source:<a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/7x54jd/the-worlds-largest-dump-is-in-indonesia-and-its-a-ticking-time-bomb">vice</a>

Nope! Not the world's....South East Asia's
---

## Context

.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Indonesia]
.pull-left[

<img src="img/overview.png" width="90%"/>
.left[Ref:<a href="https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/7c9b64c34a8833378194a026ebe4e247-0140022022/related/HCI-AM22-IDN.pdf ">worldbank</a>; <a href=" https://www.worlddata.info/asia/indonesia/index.php#:~:text=INDONESIA%2C%20the%20largest%20archipelago%20in,which%20about%206%2C000%20are%20inhabited. ">worlddata</a>

]
]
.pull-right[
<img src="img/Indo.png" width="70%"/>
.right[Source: <a href="https://www.burningcompass.com/on-world-map/indonesia-on-world-map.html
 ">burningcompass</a> ]

]
]

.panel[.panel-name[Bantargebang Landfill-1]
.pull-left[
<img src="img/Bantar1.png" width="100%"/>

]
.pull-right[
<img src="img/zone1.1.png" width="100%"/>

Source: <a href=" https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/4571 ">ijtech</a>

]
.panel[.panel-name[Bantargebang Landfill-2]

Ref: <a href=" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9325652/">ncbi</a>; <a href=" https://ejatlas.org/conflict/bantar-gebang-jakarta-landfill-indonesia ">ejatlas</a>; <a href=" https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012028/pdf ">iopscience</a>; <a href=" https://upstdlh.id/tpst/landfill ">ejatlas</a>

]
.panel[.panel-name[Waste Management]
.pull-middle[
<img src="img/wastedisposal.png" width="55%" />
.right[Ref: <a href="https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00XWPP.pdf ">usaid</a> ]
]

.panel[.panel-name[Landfill]

.pull-left[
<img src="img/website.png" width="80%"/>

Source: <a href=" https://sipsn.menlhk.go.id/sipsn/public/data/komposisi">sipsn</a>
]
.pull-right[
- Collection: primarily by Local authorities, Informal sector, Waste Bank and Private collection

- Total Landfills= 380 nos. (area~ 8200 Ha)

- Waste Bank (Success story): Satu Hati Waste Bank in West Jakarta, established in April 2017 ( (US$511,736) in profits)

- MSW managed by Seksi Kebersihan (Cleansing Dept. in each district)

- Predominant waste type: Food waste and Plastic waste

]
]
]
]
]

---
## Why is it Important

.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Policies]
<img src="img/policies.png" width="150%"/>
.left[Policy Ref: <a href="https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00XWPP.pdf">Policies</a>;<a href="https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=84427&p_country=IDN&p_count=611">WasteLaw2008</a>;<a href="https://humanrightspapua.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/images_docs_Indonesian_Law_32-2009_Environment.pdf ">LawEPM2009</a>;<a href="https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/indonesia/7208771/government-regulation-number-81-in-2012.html ">MHHW2012</a>;<a href="http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Indonesia/ID_Regulation_Waste_19_1994.pdf">RHWM</a>;<a href="https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ins137639.pdf ">PRT2013</a>;<a href="https://www.acccrn.net/sites/default/files/publication/attach/ran-api_english_translation.pdf ">RANAPI2015</a>;<a href="https://kkp.go.id/an-component/media/upload-gambar-pendukung/djprl/P4K/Pencemaran%20Laut/Marine%20Debris/03.%20Perpres%20Nomor%2097%20Tahun%202017%20-%20Jakstranas.pdf">NPM</a>;<a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32898/NPWRSI.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ">NPWR2020</a>;<a href="https://drive.esdm.go.id/wl/?id=NMWtlg7uDxwXTf1bDxgrren7d8x6y5Iu&mode=list&download=1 ">WE</a>;<a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/23.09.2022_Enhanced%20NDC%20Indonesia.pdf ">ENDC2022</a>;<a href="https://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText-e.pdf ">Basel2005</a>;<a href="https://jdih.kemendag.go.id/backendx/image/regulasi/22200711_Permendag_No._31_tahun_2016.pdf">wasteImport</a>;<a href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/781051510608417715/Environmental-and-social-management-framework.pdf">SWMS2019</a>;<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/16WhKUeXjd7LnpiVJADhFtye8w-4G9aHj/view">MoEF2019</a>; <a href="https://www.wwf.id/upload/2023/03/WWF-EPR-Guideline-2022-ENG-final.pdf">EPR2015</a> 
]

]
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Summary]
.pull-center[
- Target of 30% waste reduction and 70% waste handling by 2025

- Indonesia aims to reduce marine plastic litter by 70% relative to business as usual by 2025

- Indonesia committed to reduce greenhouse gas emission by 29% (2030) and 41% (conditional target, with international support) 
<a href="https://www.oecd.org/ocean/topics/ocean-pollution/marine-plastics-pollution-Indonesia.pdf">OECD</a> 
- Government: enhancement of SWM and Environmental Improvement

- Focus on waste reduction and management Plan, 'reuse and recycle'

- Policies emphasise monitoring waste-associated activities (Generation, collection, reduction, disposal, recycling etc.)

- Based on the monitoring of waste-associated activities evaluation step is to be conducted.

- _Gerakan Pilah Sampah_: waste sorting at source > Circular Economy

- **ADIPURA Programme**, MoEF (incentive to Municipalities):Environmental Management, Cleanliness and Operation of final disposal site.

]
.panel[.panel-name[Gap]
.pull-left[
<img src="img/gap1.png" width="100%"/>

]

.pull-right[
<img src="img/gap2.png" width="100%"/>
Source: <a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32898/NPWRSI.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ">unep</a>
]

.panel[.panel-name[GHG-1]

**GHG Emissions from Waste Management, 2015** Source: <a href="file:///C:/Users/diana/Downloads/Waste%20to%20Energy%20Guidebook%20-%20English%20Version%202015%20(9).pdf">WTE</a>

- _Coordinator_ : Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF)—Directorate of Waste Management; MSW: Directorate for Waste Management, MoEF and Directorate for Development of Environmental Sanitation and Housing Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH)

- Monitoring waste tipping operations (checking for combustible loads), providing fire-fighting equipment (to quickly extinguish
any fires encountered) and **constantly observing the landfill for any signs of sub-surface fires** are all good management practices to prevent and control landfill fires and thereby minimise their associated negative impacts.

- Identification of credible LFG WtE projects will therefore **require a significant amount of research and effort to find the landfills with the highest WtE potential**. It should be assumed, therefore, that **full and extensive baseline surveys** will be required.

Source: <a href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32898/NPWRSI.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ">unep</a>
]

.panel[.panel-name[GHG-2]
**Enhanced Nationally Determines Contribution, Republic of Indonesia, 2022** Source: <a href= "https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/ENDC%20Indonesia.pdf">ENDC</a>

- The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has ratified the Paris Agreement (PA) and has submitted its commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with an unconditional target of **29%** and conditional target (with international support) of 41% compared to business as usual (BAU) emission levels by **2030**

- Dashboard AFOLU for land-based sector (4.4)

- First Order Decay-FOD (IPCC-2006) and existing regulation for waste sector Challenges.

- Greenhouse gas emissions will reach a **peak of 1,240 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030** and then gradually decline to reach 540 million t CO2e in 2050. It is expected that net zero emissions will be achieved by 2060 or earlier

<img src="img/chg.png" width="40%"/>
Source: <a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/ENDC%20Indonesia.pdf">unfcc</a>
]
.panel[.panel-name[GHG-3]
**Operational Plan Indonesia’s FOLU, 2030** Source: <a href="https://www.menlhk.go.id/uploads/site/post/1647334063.pdf">FOLU2022</a> ; <a href="https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/cge/application/pdf/waste_sector_2016_lesotho.pdf">unfccc</a>

-	MoEF's Geospatial Information Network (JIG) and integrated with the National JIG. This activity includes institutional monitoring in reporting plans and implementation of emission reduction activities and their achievements on a regular basis.

**Indonesia Third Biennial Update Report- 2022** Source: <a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/IndonesiaBUR%203_FINAL%20REPORT_2.pdf">unfccc</a> ;

- MoEF Regulation(ADIPURA) where Cities and Regencies included in the ADIPURA Program also have to report their waste management...The **ADIPURA database**, especially with respect to the MSW generation and management of stream, has been **used to estimate the GHG emissions since 2003**. After 2014, this database was enhanced by the inclusion of **more cities with higher MSW coverage** with at least 80% of the national MSW generated.

- 2019, GHG emissions from the SWDS amounted to 38,487 (87.9% of total emissions from MSW treatments), open burning was 5,296 Gg CO2e (12.1%), and composting was 2.16 Gg CO2e (0.005%).

- National Registry System for Climate Change (NRS-CC) (web-based system that manages and provides data and information on national mitigation and adaptation activities). In Appendix- 4 (refers to (JAKSTRANAS and ADIPURA database)

]

.panel[.panel-name[FOCUS]
.pull-center[
**Portrait of 5 (Five) TPA Utilizing Methane Gas (CH4)** Source: <a href="https://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/download/437/337/697">bppt</a> ;

How is CHG measured under ADIPURA data base? (open dumping > predominently no collection and ventilation system)

landfill without gas recovery infrastructure
- Drilling into the landfill as deep as the thickness of the refuse layer.
- inflow of gas = Perforated pipe with certain diameter is inserted.
- The perforated pipe circulated with gravel is performed in order to protect the blocking by refuse particles
- The gas analyzer used for CH4 , CO2  and O2 measurement (portable)

**Issue with the above approach**
- No gas recovery infrastructure prepared (open dumpsite)
- Gas generation fluctuates from one place to another
- measurement window: 5-10 years
]

.panel[.panel-name[AIM]
.pull-center[

Use Remote sensing as a solution to improve ADIPURA database monitoring system.

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
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# Approach

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##Interactive Dashboard

.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Introduction]
.pull-left[
**Objective **
- Monthly monitoring on the emission and surface temperature of Bantargebang Landfill
- Monthly land cover change analysis to monitor Bantargebang Landfill extent 
- Monthly environmental impact assessment at and around the landfill site

**Website **
Official Jakarta Waste Management Portal 'e-Monitoring for Bantargebang Landfill'

**Parameters**
- Methane Emission
- Surface Temperature
- Environmental Monitoring 
]

.pull-right[
![Official e-Monitoring Portal](img/Jakarta_Portal.png)
]
[Source: Jakarta Waste Management Portal](https://upstdlh.id/tpst/landfill#)
]

.panel[.panel-name[Methods]
![](img/method_flowchart.png)
]

.panel[.panel-name[Dataset]
![](img/data.png)
]

]
---
## Methane Emission
.pull-left[
**Input: **
1. TROPOMI Methane Product 
2. GHG-D Methane Data 
3. MethaneSAT Data

**Process: **
1. Emission quantification: 
filtered by methane precision, SWIR cloud fraction, aerosol optical depth & albedo

2. Identify region of interest by oversampling

3. Pinpoint the methane hotspot with GHGSat-D

4. Emission quantification from integrated mass enhancement (IME) calculation

**Output: **
1. Emission Map
2. Total Methane Mass Estimation
]

.pull-right[

<img src="img/methane_ghg.JPG" width="50%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
[Source: Maasakkers et al., 2022](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abn9683)
]
---
## Surface Temperature
.pull-left[
**Input: **
1. Landsat 8 thermal infrared band 
2. Landsat 5 thermal band
3. SRTM DEM data

**Process: **
1. Land Surface Temperature 
Apply scale factor (Kelvin to Celcius)

2. Supervised pixel-based classification 
 - Google Earth historical images
 - Technical guidelines 
3. Reproject DEM data and create contour

**Output: **
1. Thermal Map
2. Land Cover Change Analysis
]

.pull-right[

<img src="img/lc.JPG" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
[Source: Hanami et al., 2022](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012055/meta)
]

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## Surface Temperature

<img src="img/st_flowchart.JPG" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
[Source: Hanami et al., 2022](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012055/meta)
]
---

## Environmental Monitoring
.pull-left[
**Input: **
1. Landsat 8 NIR & Red bands 
2. Landsat 5 NIR & Red bands

**Process: **
1. Image clipping

2. Extract indicies with band math
  - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
  - Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index
  - Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index

**Output: **
1. Reclassified image for NDVI, SAVI & MSAVI
2. Time series analysis on percentage variation of different category
]

.pull-right[

<img src="img/msavi.JPG" width="40%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
[Source: Sarker et al., 2022](https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JES/article/view/57485)
]
---
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# Project Output

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